Dr. Aditya Sardana

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  • in reply to: What is Lochia? #4029

    The term Lochia has been derived from lokhos (childbirth). Lochia is the normal discharge that flows from the uterus and vagina after parturition (childbirth or delivery). The following phases of lochia appear in succession after the delivery, viz. –


    Lochia rubra
    – This discharge occurs immediately after the delivery, and is red or brownish red in color. It consists of blood (presence of blood imparts red color to it), endometrial tissue (endometrium is the mucous membrane lining of womb / uterus), fetal lanugo (lanugo or lanugo hair is defined as the fine, soft hair occurring on the body of the fetus), vernix (see, medical definition of vernix), mucus, and sometimes also contains meconium (see, medical definition of meconium). It usually lasts from 2 to 4 days. Lochia rubra is also known as lochia cruenta.


    Lochia
    serosa – This discharge starts 3 or 4 days after childbirth, and has lesser quantity of blood. It is brown-pink in color, and consists of serous material, red blood cells (erythrocytes), lymph, leucocytes (white blood cells / white blood corpuscles), mucus, and microorganisms. Lochia serosa is also known as lochia sanguinolenta.


    Lochia
    alba – This is the final vaginal discharge occurring after delivery, and usually lasts for 10 to 14 days but may last for 3 to 6 weeks. Lochia alba is white or yellowish-white in color, and contains bacteria in huge numbers, white blood cells, mucus, epithelial cells, etc. Lochia alba is also known as lochia purulenta.

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    in reply to: Medical Definition of Meconium #4021

    The term Meconium is a Latin word literally meaning “poppy juice”, and is derived from Greek “Mekonion” (poppy-juice, opium). Meconium is a dark green mass that collects in the intestines of a full-term fetus; it forms the first stools of a newborn. Meconium consists of secretions from the intestinal glands, bile pigments, mucus, epithelial cells, blood, fatty acids, lanugo (fine, soft hair on the body of fetus), and some amount of amniotic fluid.

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    What is Tocophobia?

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    Medical Definition of Vernix

    What is Cachexia?

    What is Croup?

    What is Pneumonia?

    in reply to: Medical Definition of Vernix #4016

    The medical term Vernix (Latin, varnish) or Vernix Caseosa (in Latin, Vernix Caseosa literally means – cheese-like varnish) is defined as the fatty substance composed of sebum (the oily secretion of the sebaceous glands present in the skin) and dead epithelial cells providing a protective covering to the skin of the fetus. Vernix Caseosa is derived from Latin “Vernix” (odorous resin, varnish) + Latin “Caseus” (cheese).

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    What is Lochia?

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    Medical Definition of Meconium

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    in reply to: What is Bates method of improving vision? #4008

    The Bates method is a non-invasive and natural method of visual retraining that helps in correcting eyesight problems and enhancing vision. The Bates method involves the use of techniques to relieve eye strain and improve coordination between the brain and eyes.


    The Bates method was developed by an American ophthalmologist – Dr. William Horatio Bates (1860 – 1931). Dr. Bates authored the book – “The Cure of Imperfect Sight by Treatment Without Glasses (Perfect Sight Without Glasses)”. The book explains the techniques to treat eye problems and get rid of glasses. The 1943 and later editions published by Emily A. Bates (Emily A. Bates, maiden name – Emily C. Lierman, was the wife of Dr. William Horatio Bates) and others under the title “Better Eyesight Without Glasses” have many alterations and omissions.


    Dr. Bates also published “Better Eyesight” – a monthly magazine from July, 1919 to June, 1930. Better Eyesight focused on the prevention and cure of imperfect eyesight without glasses.


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    in reply to: Give Mechanism of Action of Venlafaxine #3937

    Reply To Give Mechanism of Action of Venlafaxine – MOA of Venlafaxine

    Venlafaxine is the first SNRI (Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor) marketed in the United States of America. Venlafaxine acts by inhibition of 5HT reuptake (serotonin reuptake) and inhibition of NE reuptake (norepinephrine reuptake).


    Depending on the dose of venlafaxine, it exhibits different degrees of inhibition of serotonin reuptake versus inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake. Inhibition of 5HT reuptake is present even at low doses whereas NE reuptake is seen at higher doses.

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    in reply to: Uses of White Chestnut Bach Flower Remedy #3925

    White Chestnut Bach flower remedy is prepared from the flowers of Aesculus hippocastanum. According to Dr. Edward Bach, White Chestnut is used for those people who are unable to prevent undesirable thoughts, ideas, and/or arguments from entering their minds. They are unable to keep their minds focused in the present circumstances. Thoughts cause great worry and persist in their minds. If a person, requiring White Chestnut Bach flower essence, is able to throw out the undesirable thoughts, they return again to his or her mind after some time. The tormenting thoughts appears to circle round and round in his or her mind causing mental anguish. The presence of the unpleasant, unwanted thoughts drives out peace and pleasure from the affected person’s mind; this makes his or her everyday life unbearable. White Chestnut Bach flower remedy has been used by practitioners of the Bach flower remedy system of alternative medicine (see, What are Bach Flower Remedies?) in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).

    in reply to: What is Brachiopoda? #3897

    Brachiopoda [Greek, Brakhion (arm) + Greek, Podos (foot)] is a phylum belonging to the superphylum Lophozoa of the subkingdom Bilateria (bilaterally symmetrical animals) under the kingdom Animalia (animals). The members of the phylum Brachiopoda are the invertebrate animals known as the brachiopods. Brachiopods are marine and sedentary animals. Brachiopods were highly abundant during the Paleozoic Era in comparison to the present times. Brachiopoda as a group has been studied in detail by the palaeontologists. The brachiopods are also known as the lamp shells.


    Some examples of brachiopods include Cyrtia, Chonetes, Magellania, Leptaena, Rhynchonetta, Strophalosia, Terebratula, Strophomena, Terebratulina, Orthis, Wilsonia, Platystrophia, Spirifer, Schizophoria, Syringothyris, Conchidium, Siphonotreta, Kutorgina, Lingula, Tremalis, Crania, Obolella, etc.

    in reply to: What is Photoelectric Effect? #3874

    The process involving emission of electrons on striking of light on the surface of a cathode or metal is known as the photoelectric effect.

    The phenomenon of photoelectric effect was first observed by the famous German physicist – Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857 – 1894). He observed, in 1887, that when the surfaces of two electrically charged spheres were illuminated by the light, a spark would jump more readily between them. Thus, light somehow facilitated the escape of electrons.

    During the years 1886 – 1900, the two German physicists – Wilhelm Hallwachs and Philips Lenard investigated the photoelectric effect in detail. They found that photocurrent varies with potential difference between the anode and cathode, and also with the intensity and frequency of the incident light. Hallwachs and Lenard found that no photoelectrons at all were emitted unless the incident light’s frequency was above a minimum value. This minimum value of the frequency of light incident upon a surface of cathode is defined as the threshold frequency.  

    In 1905, the phenomenon of photoelectric effect was correctly analyzed by the renowned German-American physicistAlbert Einstein (1879 – 1955).


    To read more about the photoelectric effect, click here – Photoelectric Effect – Particle Nature of Light.

    in reply to: Main Uses of Euphrasia in Homeopathy #3842

    Reply To Main Uses of Euphrasia in Homeopathy

    Homeopathic remedy known as Euphrasia is prepared from a plant species – Euphrasia officinalis (Eye-bright). In homeopathy, it is generally used in the treatment of catarrhal affections of the mucous membranes, especially of the eyes and nose.

    Some of the main medical conditions for which Euphrasia is employed in homeopathy are as follows: cold with discharge from eyes and/or nose; coryza (runny nose); influenza; cough; expectoration; profuse lachrymation (watering of eyes); conjunctivitis (inflammation of conjunctiva); blepharitis (inflammation of eyelids); cataract; granular lids; iritis (inflammation of iris of the eye); staphyloma (a bulging of cornea or sclera of the eye); affections of prostate gland; etc.

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    in reply to: What is Vorticella or Bell Animalcule? #3827

    Reply To What is Vorticella?

    Definition of Vorticella

    Vorticella (Latin, vortex, a whirlpool) is a ciliate protozoan organism having a bell-shaped body. Therefore, it is aptly known as the bell animalcule. The body of vorticella is shaped like a solid inverted bell. To the base of the body is attached a long contractile stalk.Only the free end of the bell bears cilia arranged in a whirlpool manner. The long and highly contractile stalk that attaches the bell-shaped body of vorticella to the substratum, is devoid of cilia.

    Habitat of Vorticella

    Vorticella is very common and is often found in freshwater ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, etc. Several individuals often occur socially in large groups attached by their stalks to the aquatic plants, animals, stones, etc. Vorticella is solitary in nature. Individuals occur in large social groups but are never colonial. Under certain unfavorable conditions, an individual of the vorticella group may grow a ring of cilia (now, this individual vorticella is called a telotroch), breaks loose from its stalk, and swims away and gets attached to a favorable spot by growing a new stalk.

    Reproduction in Vorticella

    Reproduction takes place both asexually and sexually. The asexual reproduction occurs by the process of longitudinal binary fission. The sexual reproduction occurs by the process of conjugation. The longitudinal binary fission divides parent individual into two daughter individuals of unequal size. Larger daughter individual retains the stalk of the parent vorticella while smaller daughter individual is produced without a stalk. The smaller daughter individual acquires cilia, becomes cylindrical, and gets separated from the larger one. It is now called a telotroch, and it swims away with the help of cilia. Telotroch secretes a stalk, gets fixed to the substratum, and finally metamorphosis into an adult vorticella.

    Examples of Vorticella (Species of Vorticella)

    The examples of species of genus Vorticella include Vorticella campanula (V. campanula), Vorticella microstoma (V. microstoma), Vorticella nebulifera (V. nebulifera), etc.

    in reply to: What are Bach Flower Remedies? #3806

    Reply To: What are Bach Flower Remedies?

    Bach flower remedies are the 38 natural remedies, discovered by the English physician and bacteriologist – Dr. Edward Bach, which forms the basis of Bach flower remedies system of treatment. Bach flower remedy/remedies system of treatment is a system of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), founded by Dr Edward Bach (1886 – 1936), in which prescription is exclusively based on the mental / emotional state of a patient. Whether a patient presents a physical complaint, or a mental complaint, or a combination of the two to a Bach flower remedies system practitioner, the remedy/remedies prescribed to the patient, in this system of complementary and alternative medicine, depends solely on his or her mental / emotional state.


    The 38 Bach Flower Remedies (Bach Flower Essences) are as follows –

    Agrimony, Aspen, Beech, Centaury, Cerato, Cherry Plum, Chestnut Bud, Chicory, Clematis, Crab Apple, Elm, Gentian, Gorse, Heather, Holly, Honeysuckle, Hornbeam, Impatiens, Larch, Mimulus, Mustard, Oak, Olive, Pine, Red Chestnut, Rock Rose, Rock Water, Scleranthus, Star of Bethlehem, Sweet Chestnut, Vervain, Vine, Walnut, Water Violet, White Chestnut, Wild Oat, Wild Rose, and Willow


    Besides the above mentioned 38 remedies, Dr Bach also created an emergency combination remedy known as the Crisis Formula / Crisis Remedy / Rescue Remedy. It is a blend of five Bach flower remedies. Dr. Bach’s assistant and radiographer, Nora Weeks formulated a cream version of the Rescue Remedy, which is a blend of six Bach flower remedies.

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    in reply to: What is a Gallery Forest? #3797

    Reply To What is a Gallery Forest?

    A gallery forest is defined as a stretch of forest occurring along the banks of a watercourse (river, stream, drainage way, etc), flowing through a region having no trees or very few trees.


    Interesting examples of gallery forests include Morichales of Llanos ecoregion of South America; gallery forests of La Gran Sabana / the Great Savanna region of Venezuela; gallery forests of Brazilian Savanna or Cerrado Region; gallery forests of Konza Prairie Biological Station (KBPS is a tallgrass prairie ecosystem in Kansas, United States); etc.


    Read about the gallery forests in detail at Along the Rivers – The Gallery Forests – adidarwinian

    in reply to: What is Venezuelan Troupial? #3769

    Reply To What is Venezuelan Troupial?

    Definition of Venezuelan Troupial (Icterus icterus)

    Venezuelan Troupial (Icterus icterus) is the national bird of Venezuela. Venezuelan Troupial is also known as Common Troupial, or sometimes just as Troupial. Venezuelan Troupials have black and orange-yellow as their primary body colors. Male Venezuelan Troupials are well-noted for their acts of singing

    Classification of Venezuelan Troupial (Icterus icterus)

    Venezuelan Troupial (Icterus icterus) belongs to the genus Icterus (American Orioles) of the family Icteridae (American Blackbirds or New World Orioles or New World Blackbirds) of the order Passeriformes (perching birds) under the class Aves (birds) of the subphylum Vertebrata (vertebrates) of the phylum Chordata (chordates).

    Habitat of Venezuelan Troupial (Icterus icterus)

    Venezuealan Troupials inhabit areas with low annual rainfall such as arid woodlands, plains, gallery forests (see, what is a gallery forest?), etc of northern and central South America. Venezuelan Troupials frequently visit the fruit plantations, orchards, and gardens.


    Venezuelan Troupials are found in Venezuela, Colombia, Aruba (an island in the Caribbean Sea, north of Venezuela), Bonaire (a small island located in the southern Caribbean Sea), Sint Eustatius / Saint Eustatius (an island, also known as Statia or Stay-sha, in the northern Leeward Islands of the West Indies, southeast of the Virgin Islands), Saba (an island located in the northeastern Caribbean Sea, about 28 miles southwest of the island of Saint Martin / Sint Maarten / St. Maarten), Curaçao (an island in the Caribbean Sea – about 34 miles (55 km) off the coast of Venezuela), Puerto Rico (an island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of the Dominican Republic), Trinidad and Tobago (islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela), Virgin Islands (islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of Puerto Rico), etc.

    Subspecies of Venezuelan Troupial (Icterus icterus)

    Three subspecies of Venezuelan Troupial (Icterus icterus) are recognized, viz. –

    Icterus icterus icterus (I. i. icterus)

    Icterus icterus metae (I. i. metae)

    Icterus icterus ridgwayi (I. i. ridgwayi)


    Also, see related post: Along the Rivers – The Gallery Forests – adidarwinian

    in reply to: What are Finches? #3727

    Reply To: What are Finches

    Finches (True Finches or Fringillids) are the birds of the family Fringillidae of the order Passeriformes (perching birds) belonging to the class Aves (birds) of the phylum Chordata (chordates) of the kingdom Animalia (animals). Finches are small sparrow-like seed-eating birds having an almost world-wide distribution; spanning over Africa, Eurasia, North America, and South America.


    Finches are generally characterized by their short, thick and conical beaks / bills, especially adapted for eating seeds. Finches are separated from other seed-eating birds (seedeaters) by the reduction of the 10th primary feather and by the presence of grooves at the edge of the horny palate. The grooves are used to wedge the seeds in the beak, and then, husks are removed from the seeds (dehusking of seeds) with the tongue.


    The examples of finches include the house finch, goldfinch, chaffinch, bullfinch, canary, koa-finch, rosefinch, and many others.

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    in reply to: What is Poikilotherm? #3693

    Poikilotherm is derived from Greek “poikilos” (varied, variegated) + Greek “therme” (heat). Poikilotherm is the term used to describe any animal whose body temperature varies with the temperature of its surrounding environment. A poikilotherm or poikilothermic animal or poikilothermous animal is also known as cold-blooded animal, ectotherm, heterotherm, or allotherm. Poikilothermism or poikilothermy is the state or condition of being cold-blooded or poikilothermic. All animals except mammals and birds are poikilotherms.

Viewing 15 posts - 16 through 30 (of 97 total)